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NutrInsight • Satiety: from appetite sciences to food application
Presently, there is convincing evidence of short-term satiety benefits, but only probable evidence for longer-term benefits to hunger management, possible evidence of benefits to mood and cognition, and inadequate evidence that satiety enhancement might promote weight loss. In addition, a significant gap remains between evidence gathered in highly controlled contexts such as the experimental laboratory and the context of the day-to-day life of the consumer.
Short-term effects on appetite and intake
Satiety enhancement generally takes place in the context of a meal, with consequences for that meal and/or the next eating occasion. Numerous short-term (a few hours) laboratory studies have quantified the satiety effects of foods consumed in one meal on intake recorded at the next eating occasion. Typically, some critical characteristics (protein or fibre content, glycemic index, energy density, portion size, etc.) of the earlier meal are experimentally manipulated so that differential inhibition can be observed at the next ad libitum meal.
The typical methodology for demonstrating short-term benefits of satiety enhancement in the laboratory is illustrated by a study by Lluch et al., [Lluch et al., 2010]. The appetite-reducing effects of an innovative low-fat yogurt enriched with protein (8 g/serving) and fibre (2.6 g - 2.9 g/serving) were assessed under laboratory conditions. Healthy women consumed a mid-morning snack consisting of either the test yogurt or the control regular yogurt. The test yogurt reduced appetite ratings for the next two hours. The spontaneous intake observed at the next ad libitum lunch showed a reduced energy intake (about 65-70 kcal) following the enriched yoghurt as compared to a standard product (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Effect of low fat yoghurt enriched with protein and fibre.
Comparisonofappetitescoreprofilesbetweentest( )andcontrolproduct( ),frombreakfast(T-120)tolunchconsumption (T120). Each point represents mean ratings (± S.E.M.) in mm. Appetite score profiles are compared by a Repeated Measure Analysis of Covariance (RMANCOVA) over the 2 h before (with T-120 as covariate) and over the 2 h after snack consumption (with T0 as covariate) to test the product effect at a significance level of 5% (ns, not significant; ***P < 0.001).
Source: Lluch et al., 2010
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