Page 26 - Nutrinsight-4

NutrInsight • Satiety: News Insights
It has been established in randomized controlled studies that the gut fermentation of prebiotics increases satietogenic and incretin gut peptide production, an effect associated with a decrease in appetite and energy intake [Cani et al., 2005; 2009a]. In one study, adult men and women received either 16 g prebiotics or placebo (maltodextrin) per day for two weeks. The prebiotic treatment induced a 3-fold increase in gut microbiota fermentation. In agreement with animal data, prebiotics increased plasma GLP-1 and PYY concentrations. Satiety sensations following meals were enhanced. Figure 3 presents satiety and GLP-1 data following 2-week supplementation in this study.
(a) (b)
Satiety
DM OFS
0 30 60 90120150180210240
Times (min)
Dextrin maltose 5.0 Prebiotics
6 4 2 0
*
2.5
0
Idem with PYY
0 15 30 45 60 75 90 105 120
Time after breakfast (min)
Figure 3: Satiety sensations and gLP-1 concentration after 2 weeks of oFS or maltodextrin supplements in healthy subjects (a) mean ± S.E.M. satiety scores (expressed as changes from baseline) derived from visual analogue scales obtained over 3 hours following breakfast in participants receiving either prebiotics (OFS) or maltodextrin (DM).
Source: Cani et al., 2006a
(b) mean ± S.E.M. concentrations of plasma gLP-1 expressed as changes from baseline for 2 hours following breakfast on the last day of a 2-week intervention with daily administration of either prebiotics or maltodextrin.
Source: Cani et al., 2009a
Recent reports show that prebiotic effects on gut peptide release and appetite are dose-dependent. In a cross-over study carried out in 32 adults receiving a supplementation of either 10 g or 16 g OFS versus placebo (maltodextrin) for 13 days, a significant effect of OFS on energy intake and gut PYY and GLP-1 responses appeared only with the 16 g dose [Verhoef et al., 2011]. In a recent study, a dose-escalation procedure was used in healthy adults who increased their daily intake of OFS every week from 15, 25, 35, 45, to 55 g daily over five weeks [Pedersen et al., 2013]. In the home environment, OFS decreased hunger sensations but did not affect energy intake. OFS dose-dependently increased PYY, decreased pancreatic polypeptide and tended to decrease ghrelin, but did not significantly affect appetite profile, energy intake, glucose, insulin, or GLP-1 concentrations.
The dose-dependent responses observed to the ingestion of prebiotics raise the question of the potential interaction with the food context. Fermentable CHO may be present in variable levels in the diet, which may modulate the effects of prebiotic supplementation on appetite.
Relevance of prebiotics in overweight/obesity
Since the microbial ecology might be an important factor affecting energy homeostasis, the effects of prebiotic supplementation have been investigated in relation to body weight control and obesity. In a randomized double-blind study, overweight healthy adults received either 21 g OFS per day or a maltodextrin placebo for 12 weeks [Parnell & Riemer, 2009]. A decreased glucose response to meals,
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Change from baseline (cm)
GLP-1
(Relative to baseline, pg/ml)